Process for preparation of dressings comprising W/O/W type multiple emulsions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for preparation of dressings comprising W/O/W type multiple emulsions. Dressings comprising a quite stable W/O/W type multiple emulsions can be obtained by using monoerucin, dierucin, or polyglycerol polycondensed recinoleic acid ester as the emulsifier.

The present application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 610,853, filed May 16, 1984, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to dressings having an excellent richness.

More particularly, the invention relates to a process for preparation of dressings comprising W/O/W type multiple emulsions such as mayonnaises.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Generally, the use of W/O/W type multiple emulsions in the production of various cosmetics, medicines and foods have been expected, since they have a fine texture and a quite smooth touch, a water-soluble substance can be encapsulated in the fat globules in the emulsions and an apparent fat ratio can be increased.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for preparation of dressings comprising a stable W/O/W type multiple emulsion and having excellent palatability and richness. The invention can also be used as technology to reduce fat and calorie.

The term "dressings" herein involves broadly salad dressings, mayonnaises, French dressings and dips.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows W/O/W type multiple emulsion-forming rates with various concentrations of emulsifiers determined in Test 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The emulsifiers used in the present invention include one or more of monoerucin, dierucin and polyglycerol polycondensed ricinoleic acid ester (i.e., polyglycerol polyricinoleate or polyglycerol ester of polycondensed fatty acid of castor oil).

The polyglycerol polycondensed ricinoleic acid ester is represented by the following formula (I). ##STR1## wherein n is 2 to 12, and R₁, R₂, and R₃, each represents a hydrogen or polycondensed ricinolic acid represented by the following formula (II), provided that at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃ represents the polycondensed ricinoleic acid of the formula (II). ##STR2## wherein m is 2 to 10.

In the present invention, those properly selected from the polyglycerol polycondensed ricinoleic acid esters represented by the above general formula are used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more of them.

In the process of the present invention, the emulsifier in an amount of 0.1 to 15%, preferably 1.0 to 10%, particularly 1 to 6%, based on an oil is added to the oil to obtain a mixture. The oil may be any one. In using a hardened oil, it is molten by heating before the use. If necessary, lecithin and/or glycerol difatty acid ester may be added thereto in an amount of about 0.5 to 30% based on the emulsifier.

Water or an aqueous phase is used as the inner aqueous phase for the production of the emulsion. The inner aqueous phase may contain various additives such as proteins, starches, gums, emulsifiers, phosphoric acid and salts thereof, organic acid and salts thereof, coloring agents and seasonings, and also may be preheated.

In the process for producing the W/O/W type multiple emulsion of the present invention, a W/O type emulsion is first produced. Concretely, the inner aqueous phase is added to the oil phase with the ratio of oil phase to inner aqueous phase being in the range of about 3/1 to 1/3, and the mixture was thoroughly agitated by means of T.K. Homo Mixer (Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) to afford a W/O type emulsion. Thus, various additives can be encapsulated in the aqueous phase in the oil. The agitating is effected preferably by means of T.K. Homo Mixer of about 3000 to 8000 rpm. Furthermore, an emulsifying machine such as a homogenizer or an agitating device such as Votator may also be used. It is preferred to heat the W/O emulsion to 50° to 80° C. for facilitating the subsequent emulsification.

The outer aqueous phase of the present invention is prepared as follows: an additive or a mixture of additives are added to water. The additives include, for example, casein, sodium caseinate, gelatin, wheat protein, starch, modified starch, soybean protein, plasma protein, whey protein, albumen, yolk, dextrin, cyclodextrin, starch derivatives, locust bean gum, xanthane gam, pullulan, dextran, curdlan, guar gum, tamarid gum, agar, carrageenan, furcellaran, alginic acid and salts thereof, propylene glycol alginate, pectin, arabinogalactan, crystalline cellulose, CMC, methylcellulose, acacia, tragacanth gum, karaya gum and sodium polyacrylate; as well as orthophosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid and salts of them, common salt, vinegar, sugar, organic acids and salts thereof, and emulsifiers. The emulsifier herein used may be any hydrophilic emulsifier. Further, a colorant, seasoning, etc. may be added thereto according to the purpose. The aqueous phase is preferably heated to about 50° to 80° C. so as to facilitate the subsequent emulsification. The order of the addition of the additives is not limited. For convenience's sake in the operation, the W/O emulsion is first charged in an agitator and then the aqueous phase containing the emulsifier and the like is added thereto. The agitator herein used may be any agitator in which the agitating blades do not impact directly the upper W/O emulsion layer so as to obtain a stable W/O/W multiple emulsion, such as an agitator having agitating blades at the bottom thereof, a suction-type agitator having agitating blades all over the device, an agitator for only the suction mixing, T.K. Homo Mixer, a homogenizer and Votator.

The aqueous phase is mixed with the W/O emulsion in the agitator at, for example, 250 rpm for 5 min and then the resulting mixture is treated in a homogenizer to obtain a quite fine W/O/W emulsion.

Thus, according to the present invention, a stable W/O/W emulsion containing extremely fine water droplets can be obtained. By using this emulsion, rich mayonnaises, dressings, French dressings and dips can be prepared.

The following tests and examples will further illustrate the present invention.

TEST 1

The following emulsifier was added to 300 g of hardened soybean oil heated to 50° C. in an amount of 1 to 30% (varied) based on the oil, and the mixture was stirred to afford each oil phase.

1. monoerucin,

2. dierucin,

3. monolinolein,

4. dilinolein,

5. tetraglycerol codensed hexaricinoleic acid ester,

6. glycerol monooleate,

7. glycerol dioleate,

8. sorbitan monooleate,

9. glycerol monostearate.

200 g of water heated to 50° C. was added slowly to each oil phase thus obtained, and the resulting mixture was then agitated by means of T.K. Homo Mixer at 6000 rpm to obtain a W/O emulsion.

500 g of water containing 10% of egg yolk and 1% of sodium caseinate was heated to 70° C. The W/O emulsion heated to 70° C. was added to the water. The resulting mixture was agitated in an agitator having agitating blades at the bottom at 250 rpm for 5 min, then treated in a homogenizer at a rate of 40 kg/cm² and cooled to 5° C.

The W/O/W formation rate of each of the thus obtained W/O/W emulsions was examined to obtain the results shown in FIG. 1. The numerals 1 to 9 stand for the above-mentioned emulsifiers.

It is apparent from FIG. 1 that the emulsifiers 1, 2, and 5 were particularly effective in obtaining the W/O/W emulsions.

The W/O/W formation rate was determined according to a method of Matsumoto et al. described in "Yukagaku" 26(10), 655 (1977).

TEST 2

Dressings containing various oleophilic emulsifiers shown in Table 1 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 and the physical properties thereof were compared with one another.

The results of the comparison are shown in Table 1.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________                   Concentration                                                                  (% based on                                                                            Formation      Smoothness                                                                           Stability after                     Emulsifier    oil)    rate  Richness                                                                            Taste                                                                              of texture                                                                           1 week                                                                             2 weeks                                                                             1 month                    __________________________________________________________________________     Tetraglycerol polycondensed                                                                  4       0     0    0   0     0   0    0                          hexaricinoleic acid ester                                                      Monoerucin    4       0     0    0   0     0   0    0                          Monolinolein  4       0     0    0   0     0   0    0                          Monoolein     10      Δ                                                                              Δ                                                                             0   0     Δ                                                                            Δ                                                                             x                          Diglycerol dioleate                                                                          10      Δ                                                                              Δ                                                                             0   0     Δ                                                                            Δ                                                                             x                          Sorbitan monooleate                                                                          10      Δ                                                                              Δ                                                                             x   0     Δ                                                                            Δ                                                                             x                          Glycerol monostearate                                                                        10      x     x    x   x     x   x    x                          Monoerucin    2       0     0    0   0     0   0    0                          Sorbitan monooleate                                                                          2                                                                Tetraglycerol polycondensed                                                                  2       0     0    0   0     0   0    0                          hexaricinoleic acid ester                                                      Glycerol monooleate                                                                          2                                                                Monoerucin    2       0     0    0   0     0   0    0                          Diglycerol dioleate                                                                          2                                                                __________________________________________________________________________      0: good,                                                                       Δ: slightly bad,                                                         x: bad                                                                   

TEST 3

As the emulsifier, polyglycerol polycondensed ricinoleic acid esters having various polymerization degree of glycerol and condensation degree of ricinoleic acid each was added to 300 g of hardened soybean oil heated to 50° C. in an amount of 1% based on the oil, and the mixture was stirred.

200 g of water heated to 50° C. was added slowly to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was agitated by means of T.K. Homo Mixer at 6000 rpm to afford a W/O emulsion.

Then, 500 g of water containing 1% sodium caseinate and 2% of sorbitane monostearate was heated to 70° C. and the W/O emulsion was added thereto. The resulting mixture was agitated in a stirrer having agitating blades at the bottom at 250 rpm for 5 min, then treated in a homogenizer at a rate of 100 kg/cm² and cooled to 5° C.

The W/O/W formation rate of each of the thus obtained W/O/W emulsions was examined to obtain the results shown in Table 2.

The W/O/W formation rate was determined according to the method described in Test 1.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Polymerization                                                                            Condensation degree                                                 degree of glycerol                                                                        ricinoleic acid (m)                                                 (n)        2        3       4      5     6                                     ______________________________________                                         2           70%      72%     72%    74%   75%                                  3          75       76      76     77    78                                    4          87       93      95     95    94                                    5          85       90      94     95    94                                    6          88       89      93     95    94                                    ______________________________________                                          Each numeral value indicates the W/O/W formation rate (%).               

In Table 2, n and m mean the same as those of Formula (I) and Formula (II).

TEST 4

The test was carried out in the same manner as in Test 3, except using mono- or polyglycerol recinoleic acid ester in an amount of 1% based on the oil instead of polyglycerol polycondensed recinoleic acid ester in Test 3.

The W/O/W formation rate of each of the thus obtained W/O/W emulsions was examined to obtain the results shown in Table 3.

The W/O/W formation rate was determined according to a method of Matsumoto et al. described in "Yukagaku" 26(10), 655 (1977).

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                                       Esterification degree of                                                       recinoleic acid                                                  Polymerization degree                                                                        (number of molecule)                                             of glycerol   1       2         3     6                                        ______________________________________                                         1              17%     19%        0%   --%                                     2             20      18        12    --                                       3             23      28        25    --                                       6             20      28        35    43                                       10            18      27        35    42                                       ______________________________________                                          Each numeral value indicates the W/O/W formation rate (%).               

It is apparent from Table 3 that each recinoleic acid ester which is not condensed has a quite low formation rate.

EXAMPLE 1

1000 g of brewed vinegar was added to 3000 g of water. Then, 700 g of corn starch, 200 g of sugar and 90 g of common salt were added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was gelatinized by heating under stirring in a heating tank and then sterilized by heating to 150° C. for 30 sec. 1200 g of egg yolk, 65 g of mustard and other seasonings and spices were added thereto and stirred to prepared an outer aqueous phase.

Separately, 40 g of monoerucin and 4 g of lecithin were added to 2000 g of soybean salad oil heated to 50° C. The mixture was agitated. 1400 g of water heated to 50° C. was added slowly to the mixture and the resulting mixture was agitating by means of T.K. Homo Mixer at 6000 rpm for 5 min to obtain 3400 g of a W/O emulsion.

3400 g of the thus obtained W/O emulsion was heated to 70° C. and added slowly to 6200 g of the above-obtained aqueous phase heated to 70° C. under agitating to obtain a dressing comprising a W/O/W emulsion.

The resulting dressing could be stored stably for a quite long time even at ambient temperature. As compared with an O/W dressing having substantially the same oil content, the dressing obtained as above had a higher richness.

EXAMPLE 2

3400 g of a W/O emulsion was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.

Then, 850 g of egg yolk, 130 g of sugar, 75 g of common salt and 50 g of mustard were added to 500 g of brewed vinegar. The mixture was agitated to obtain 1600 g of an aqueous phase.

The W/O emulsion obtained as above was added slowly to the aqueous phase under agitating by means of an agitator. The mixture was homogenized by means of a colloid mill to obtain a W/O/W emulsion-type mayonnaise.

The W/O/W emulsion-type mayonnaise obtained as above could be stored stably for a quite long time even at ambient temperature.

As compared with an O/W mayonnaise having the same oil content, the product had an excellent richness.

EXAMPLE 3

40 g of dierucin was used instead of 40 g of monoerucin in Example 1.

The thus obtained dressing could be stored stably for a quite long time even at ambient temperature. As compared with an O/W dressing having the same oil content, the dressing obtained as above had an excellent richness.

EXAMPLE 4

40 g of dierucin was used instead of 40 g of monoerucin in Example 2.

The thus obtained W/O/W emulsion-type mayonnaise could be stored stably for a quite long time even at ambient temperature.

As compared with an O/W mayonnaise having the same oil content, the product had a higher richness.

EXAMPLE 5

40 g of tetraglycerol condensed hexaricinoleic acid ester was used instead of 40 g of monoerucin in Example 1.

The thus obtained dressing could be stored stably for a quite long time even at ambient temperature. As compared with an O/W dressing having the same oil content, the dressing obtained as above had an excellent richness.

EXAMPLE 6

40 g of tetraglycerol condensed hexaricinoleic acid ester was used instead of 40 g of monoerucin in Example 2.

The thus obtained W/O/W emulsion-type mayonnaise could be stored stably for a quite long time even at ambient temperature. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for preparation of dressings comprising W/O/W type multiple emulsions which comprises adding an emulsifier selected from the group consisting of monoerucin, dierucin and polyglycerol polycondensed recinoleic acid ester to an oil phase, adding an inner aqueous phase to said oil phase, agitating the mixture to obtain a W/O emulsion, adding vinegar to water in an amount effective to season a dressing to form an outer aqueous phase, adding said W/O emulsion to an amount of said outer aqueous phase effective to obtain said dressing and agitating the resulting mixture to obtain said dressing.
 2. A process for preparation of dressings according to claim 1 wherein the inner aqueous phase and/or the outer aqueous phase comprises water containing one or more of casein, sodium caseinate, gelatin, wheat protein, soybean protein, plasma protein, whey protein, egg white, egg yolk, starch, modified starch, dextrin, cyclodextrin, starch derivatives, locust bean gum, xanthane gum, pullulan, dextran, curdlan, guar gum, tamarind gum, agar, carrageenan, furcellaran, alginic acid and salts thereof, propylene glycol alginate, pectin, arabinogalactan, crystalline cellulose, CMC, methylcellulose, acacia, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, sodium polyacrylate, pyrophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid and salts thereof, common salt, vinegar, sugar, organic acids and salts thereof, emulsifiers, colorants and seasonings. 